The
history of Mardi Gras began long before Europeans
set foot in the New World. In mid February the
ancient Romans celebrated the Lupercalia, a
circus like festival not entirely unlike the
Mardi Gras we are familiar with today. When Rome
embraced Christianity, the early Church fathers
decided it was better to incorporate certain
aspects of pagan rituals into the new faith
rather than attempt to abolish them altogether.
Carnival became a period of abandon and
merriment that preceded the penance of Lent,
thus giving a Christian interpretation to the
ancient custom.
Mardi
Gras came to America in 1699 with the French
explorer Iberville. Mardi Gras had been
celebrated in Paris since the Middle Ages, where
it was a major holiday. Iberville sailed into
the Gulf of Mexico, from where he launched an
expedition up the Mississippi River. On March 3
of 1699, Iberville had set up a camp on the west
bank of the river about 60 miles south of where
New Orleans is today. This was the day Mardi
Gras was being celebrated in France. In honor of
this important day, Iberville named the site
Point du Mardi Gras.
The
Late Eighteenth Century
During
the late 1700's, pre-Lenten masked balls and
festivals were common in New Orleans while it
was under French rule. However when New Orleans
came under Spanish rule the custom was banned.
In 1803 New Orleans came under the U.S. flag.
The prohibition against masked festivals
continued until 1823 when the Creole populace
convinced the governor to permit masked balls.
In 1827 street masking was again legalized.
The
Nineteenth Century
During
the early 1800's public celebrations of Mardi
Gras centered around maskers on foot, in
carriages and on horseback. The first documented
parade occurred in 1837. Unfortunately, Mardi
Gras gained a negative reputation because of
violent behavior attributed to maskers during
the 1840's and 50's. The situation became so bad
that the press began calling for an end to the
celebration.
In
1857 six New Orleaneans saved Mardi Gras by
forming the Comus organization. These six men
were former members of the Cowbellians, an
organization which had put on New Year's Eve
parades in Mobile since 1831. The Comus
organization added beauty to Mardi Gras and
demonstrated that it could be a safe and festive
event. Comus was the first organization to use
the term krewe to describe itself. Comus also
started the customs of having a secret Carnival
society, having a parade with a unifying theme
with floats, and of having a ball after the
parade. Comus was also the first organization to
name itself after a mythological character. The
celebration of Mardi Gras was interrupted by the
Civil War, but in 1866 Comus returned.
In
1870 the Twelfth Night Revelers made their
appearance. In 1871 they began the custom of
presenting a young woman with a golden bean
hidden in a cake. This young woman was the first
queen of Mardi Gras. This was also the origin of
the king cake tradition.
In
1872 Grand Duke Alexis Romanoff of Russia
visited New Orleans. This year the krewe of Rex
made their debut and began the tradition of the
"King of Carnival." Rex also
introduced purple, gold and green as the
official colors of Mardi Gras. Rex was the first
krewe to hold an organized daytime parade and
introduced "If Ever I Cease To Love"
as the Mardi Gras anthem. One of the high points
of Rex is the arrival of the Rex King on a
riverboat. 1872 also saw the debut of the
Knights of Momus on New Year's Eve.
Ten
years later in 1882, the Krewe of Proteus made
its debut with a parade themed after Egyptian
mythology. In 1890 the first marching club, The
Jefferson City Buzzards, was organized. In 1894,
the Original Illinois Club was formed as the
first black Mardi Gras organization. In 1896 Les
Mysterieuses appeared as the first female
organization.
Mardi
Gras in the Twentieth Century
In
1909 Zulu appeared as a parody of Rex. The Zulu
King held a banana stalk scepter and wore a lard
can crown. He arrived on on oyster lugger
instead of a steamboat. Zulu was destined to
become one of the most popular and beloved of
all krewes.
Mardi
Gras was canceled during the dark years of 1918
and 1919 when the United States was involved in
the bloody fighting of the First World War. The
celebration struggled through the 1920's and
early 30's, which saw Prohibition and The Great
Depression.
The
krewe of Alla brought carnival to the West Bank
in 1934.
With
the rise of mass produced automobiles, random
truck riders had become part of the Mardi Gras
scene. In 1935 they organized themselves into
the Elkes Krewe of Orleanians. The Krewe of
Hermes appeared in 1937 and the Knights of
Babylon in 1939.
Mardi
Gras prospered during the 1940's, although it
was canceled during the war years. In 1949 Louis
Armstrong was King of the Zulu parade and was
pictured on the cover of time magazine.
In
1950 the Duke and Duchess of Windsor visited New
Orleans during Mardi Gras. They honored the New
Orleans Mardi Gras tradition by bowing to kings
of Rex and Comus at the Comus ball. The Korean
War put a damper on festivities in 1951, but
several krewes joined forces to parade as the
Krewe of Patria on Mardi Gras day. The Fifties
also saw the replacement of mule drawn floats
with ones drawn by tractors and the formation of
several new krewes including Zeus. Zeus was the
first krewe to parade in Metairie.
In
1961 Pete Fountain founded the Half-Fast Walking
Club, an immediate hit with the crowds. Zulu
came under pressure from portions of the black
community who thought the krewe presented an
undignified image. The king resigned and the
parade was almost cancelled, but Zulu survived
and was a main attraction by 1969. The Sixties
ended with the debut of Bacchus. Bacchus aimed
to bring national attention to Mardi Gras with
gigantic floats and a Hollywood celebrity (Danny
Kaye) riding as its king. Bacchus replaced the
traditional ball with a supper to which tickets
could be purchased by visitors and locals.
The
Seventies saw the debut of 18 new krewes and the
demise of 18 others. More than a dozen krewes
followed the lead of Bacchus by placing
celebrities in their parades. In 1974 Argus
became the first Metairie parade on Fat Tuesday.
This year also saw Endymion's rise to super
krewe status. The Seventies brought a ban on
parading in the French Quarter, ending a 117
year tradition. Mardi Gras made national
headlines at the close of the decade with a
police strike which cancelled 13 parades in
Orleans Parish.
In
the 80's Mardi Gras gained 27 new parades and
lost 19. St. Bernard Parish suffered a net loss
of parades while Jefferson and St. Tammany
Parish experienced continued growth. By the end
of the decade Jefferson Parish was experiencing
an attendance rate of 600,000 people at its
parades on Fat Tuesday.
The
1980's were were good times for Mardi Gras. In
1987 Rex brought back the custom of Lundi Gras,
the arrival of the Rex King on the Mississippi
River which had been celebrated from 1874
through 1917. The traditional tableau ball,
however, lost popularity. Once considered
essential, only 10 krewes continued the
tradition of masked balls by the end of the
decade. Doubloons also lost some of their
popularity when several krewes stopped producing
them.
Among
the more discernable trends in mainstream Mardi
Gras parades in recent years: a revival of
satrie—thanks to the Krewe of Saturn, along
with more recent upstarts Le Krewe d'Etat and
the Knights of Chaos—an ever-increasing
variety of (mostly customized) throw items, and
a willingness on the part of some krewes to let
outsiders join the fun—for a price.
The
announcement of the formation the Krewe of
America, in the summer of 1997, epitomized the
latter trend. The krewe’s aggressive marketing
tactics, and the fact that it was taking over
the Mardi Gras parading slot once held by Comus,
did not go over well with Carnival
traditionalists alarmed at what they perceived
as a tendency toward "creeping
commercialism" in the festivities. In part
because Krewe of America never manged to attract
much support locally, it folded after the 2000
parade season.
Even
though parading krewes come and go, with some
falling on hard times, the "official"
schedule keeps getting more crowded. During the
12 days and nights that ended on Fat Tuesday
2001, a record total of 28 parades rolled in the
section of the city that falls on the east bank
of the Mississippi.
While
families still flock to the parades, the
demographics of Carnival have been changing.
Especially in the French Quarter, the
festivities have taken on a Spring Break
atmosphere, attracting visitors more interested
in drunken escapades and flashes of nudity than
Carnival’s cultural significance and storied
pageantry.